| The World Factbook | ||
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Congo, Republic of the |
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| Introduction | Congo, Republic of the |
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Background:
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Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government took office in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, and ushered in a period of ethnic and political unrest. Southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003, but the calm is tenuous and refugees continue to present a humanitarian crisis. The Republic of Congo was once one of Africa's largest petroleum producers, but with declining production it will need new offshore oil finds to sustain its oil earnings over the long term. |
| Geography | Congo, Republic of the |
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Location:
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Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and Gabon |
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Geographic coordinates:
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1 00 S, 15 00 E |
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Map references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 342,000 sq km
land: 341,500 sq km water: 500 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Montana |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 5,504 km
border countries: Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Gabon 1,903 km |
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Coastline:
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169 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator |
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Terrain:
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coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower |
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Land use:
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arable land: 1.45%
permanent crops: 0.15% other: 98.4% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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20 sq km (2003) |
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Total renewable water resources:
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832 cu km (1987) |
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.03 cu km/yr (59%/29%/12%)
per capita: 8 cu m/yr (2000) |
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Natural hazards:
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seasonal flooding |
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them |
| People | Congo, Republic of the |
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Population:
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4,012,809
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2009 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 45.9% (male 927,599/female 915,540)
15-64 years: 51.2% (male 1,021,975/female 1,034,119) 65 years and over: 2.8% (male 46,687/female 66,889) (2009 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 16.8 years
male: 16.6 years female: 17.1 years (2009 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.754% (2009 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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41.37 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) |
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Death rate:
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12.28 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) |
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 61% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 2.7% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 79.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 85.29 deaths/1,000 live births female: 74.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 54.15 years
male: 52.9 years female: 55.43 years (2009 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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5.84 children born/woman (2009 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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3.5% (2007 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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79,000 (2007 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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6,400 (2007 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo |
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Ethnic groups:
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Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%, Europeans and other 3% |
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Religions:
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Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% |
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Languages:
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French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78.4% (2003 est.) |
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 9 years
male: 10 years female: 8 years (2003) |
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Education expenditures:
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1.9% of GDP (2005) |
| Government | Congo, Republic of the |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: Congo (Brazzaville) local long form: Republique du Congo local short form: none former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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name: Brazzaville
geographic coordinates: 4 15 S, 15 17 E time difference: UTC+1 (six hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
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Administrative divisions:
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10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha |
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Independence:
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15 August 1960 (from France) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 15 August (1960) |
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Constitution:
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approved by referendum 20 January 2002 |
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Legal system:
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based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA);
head of government: Prime Minister Isidore MVOUBA (since 7 January 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held in July 2009) election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU 2.7% |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by indirect vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (137 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 5 August 2008 (next to be held in 2013); National Assembly - last held 24 June and 5 August 2007 (next to be held in 2012) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RMP 33, FDU 23, UPADS 2, independents 7, other 7; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PCT 46, MCDDI 11, UPADS 11, MAR 5, MSD 5, independents 37, other 22 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Cour Supreme |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Action Movement for Renewal or MAR; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Congolese Labour Party or PCT; Movement for Solidarity and Development or MSD; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Rally of the Presidential Majority or RMP; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR; United Democratic Forces or FDU [Sebastian EBAO]; many less important parties |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC |
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International organization participation:
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ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI
chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: [1] (202) 726-5500 FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Allan EASTHAM
embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, BDEAC Building, 4th Floor, Brazzaville; note - a new embassy is expected to open in 2009 mailing address: B.P. 1015, Brazzaville telephone: [242] 281-1481, 281-3368; note - until the new embassy in Brazzaville becomes operational, some duties will still be handled in the US embassy in Kinshasha, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Flag description:
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divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red
note: uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia |
| Economy | Congo, Republic of the |
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Economy - overview:
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The economy is a mixture of subsistence agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil, and support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its oil earnings through oil-backed loans that have contributed to a growing debt burden and chronic revenue shortfalls. Economic reform efforts have been undertaken with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the IMF. However, the reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, who returned to power when the war ended in October 1997, publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. Recovery of oil prices has boosted the economy's GDP and near-term prospects. In March 2006, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) treatment for Congo. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$15.6 billion (2008 est.)
$14.43 billion (2007) $14.67 billion (2006) note: data are in 2008 US dollars |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$13.35 billion (2008 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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8.1% (2008 est.)
-1.6% (2007 est.) 6.2% (2006 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$4,000 (2008 est.)
$3,800 (2007 est.) $4,000 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 5.6%
industry: 57.1% services: 37.3% (2006 est.) |
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Labor force:
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NA |
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Unemployment rate:
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NA% |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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19.3% of GDP (2008 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $5.363 billion
expenditures: $2.758 billion (2008 est.) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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5% (2008 est.) |
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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15% (31 December 2007) |
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Stock of money:
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$1.4 billion (31 December 2007) |
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Stock of quasi money:
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$204.3 million (31 December 2007) |
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Stock of domestic credit:
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NA |
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA |
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Agriculture - products:
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cassava (tapioca), sugar, rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables, coffee, cocoa; forest products |
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Industries:
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petroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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15% (2008 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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444 million kWh (2006 est.) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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564 million kWh (2006 est.) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2007 est.) |
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Electricity - imports:
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411 million kWh (2006 est.) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 0.3%
hydro: 99.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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261,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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7,677 bbl/day (2006 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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230,200 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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1,702 bbl/day (2005) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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1.6 billion bbl (1 January 2008 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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180 million cu m (2006 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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180 million cu m (2006 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2007 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2007 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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90.61 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.) |
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Current account balance:
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$406 million (2008 est.) |
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Exports:
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$9.009 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, diamonds |
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Exports - partners:
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US 41%, China 36.5%, Taiwan 3.6% (2007) |
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Imports:
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$2.722 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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capital equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs |
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Imports - partners:
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France 18.1%, South Korea 14.7%, China 12.6%, Italy 10.3%, India 4.7%, US 4.2% (2007) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$3.845 billion (31 December 2008 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$5 billion (2000 est.) |
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Currency (code):
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Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States |
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Currency code:
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XAF |
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Exchange rates:
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Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 483.6 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro; Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa, even though the two currencies trade at par |
| Communications | Congo, Republic of the |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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15,900 (2005) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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1.334 million (2007) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of order; fixed-line infrastructure inadequate providing less than 1 connection per 100 persons; in the absence of an adequate fixed line infrastructure, mobile-cellular subscribership has surged reaching 35 per 100 persons
domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable international: country code - 242; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 3 (2001) |
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Radios:
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341,000 (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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1 (2001) |
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Televisions:
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33,000 (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.cg |
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Internet hosts:
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5 (2008) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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70,000 (2006) |
| Transportation | Congo, Republic of the |
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Airports:
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24 (2008) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 6
over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2008) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 1 (2008) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 7 km; oil 207 km (2008) |
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Railways:
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total: 894 km
narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2006) |
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Roadways:
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total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km unpaved: 16,425 km (2004) |
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Waterways:
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1,120 km (commercially navigable on Congo and Oubanqui rivers) (2008) |
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Merchant marine:
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registered in other countries: 1 (Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1) (2008) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Brazzaville, Djeno, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo, Pointe-Noire |
| Military | Congo, Republic of the |
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Military branches:
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Congolese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Congolaises, FAC): Army, Navy, Congolese Air Force (Armee de l'Air Congolaise), Gendarmerie, Special Presidential Security Guard (GSSP) (2008) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age for voluntary military service; women allowed to serve (2007) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 842,771
females age 16-49: 833,624 (2008 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 538,202
females age 16-49: 527,649 (2009 est.) |
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 46,976
female: 46,490 (2009 est.) |
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Military expenditures:
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3.1% of GDP (2006) |
| Transnational Issues | Congo, Republic of the |
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Disputes - international:
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the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 46,341 (Democratic Republic of Congo); 6,564 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 48,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic Lari) (2007) |
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Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: Republic of the Congo is a source and destination country for children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation; girls are trafficked from rural areas within the country for commercial sexual exploitation, forced street vending, and domestic servitude; children are trafficked from other African countries for domestic servitude, forced market vending, and forced labor in the fishing industry
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Republic of the Congo is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking in persons in 2007; struggling to recover from six years of civil conflict that ended in 2003, the Republic of the Congo's capacity to address trafficking is handicapped; the government neither monitors its borders for trafficking activity nor provides specialized anti-trafficking training for law enforcement officials; the government does not encourage victims to assist in trafficking investigations or prosecutions, and has not taken measures to reduce demand for commercial sex acts in the Republic of the Congo (2008) |
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This page was last updated on 14 May, 2009 |